Android Debug Bridge (adb)

Android Debug Bridge (adb) is a versatile command-line tool that lets you communicate with a device. The adb command facilitates a variety of device actions, such as installing and debugging apps. adb provides access to a Unix shell that you can use to run a variety of commands on a device. It is a client-server program that includes three components:

• A client, which sends commands. The client runs on your development machine. You can invoke a client from a command-line terminal by issuing an adb command.
• A daemon (adbd), which runs commands on a device. The daemon runs as a background process on each device.
• A server, which manages communication between the client and the daemon. The server runs as a background process on your development machine.

adb is included in the Android SDK Platform Tools package. Download this package with the SDK Manager, which installs it at android_sdk/platform-tools/. If you want the standalone Android SDK Platform Tools package, download it here.

For information on connecting a device for use over adb, including how to use the Connection Assistant to troubleshoot common problems, see Run apps on a hardware device.

How adb works

When you start an adb client, the client first checks whether there is an adb server process already running. If there isn't, it starts the server process. When the server starts, it binds to local TCP port 5037 and listens for commands sent from adb clients.

Note: All adb clients use port 5037 to communicate with the adb server.

The server then sets up connections to all running devices. It locates emulators by scanning odd-numbered ports in the range 5555 to 5585, which is the range used by the first 16 emulators. Where the server finds an adb daemon (adbd), it sets up a connection to that port.

Each emulator uses a pair of sequential ports — an even-numbered port for console connections and an odd-numbered port for adb connections. For example:

Emulator 1, console: 5554
Emulator 1, adb: 5555
Emulator 2, console: 5556
Emulator 2, adb: 5557
and so on.

As shown, the emulator connected to adb on port 5555 is the same as the emulator whose console listens on port 5554.

Once the server has set up connections to all devices, you can use adb commands to access those devices. Because the server manages connections to devices and handles commands from multiple adb clients, you can control any device from any client or from a script.

Enable adb debugging on your device

To use adb with a device connected over USB, you must enable USB debugging in the device system settings, under Developer options. On Android 4.2 (API level 17) and higher, the Developer options screen is hidden by default. To make it visible, enable Developer options.

You can now connect your device with USB. You can verify that your device is connected by executing adb devices from the android_sdk/platform-tools/ directory. If connected, you'll see the device name listed as a "device."

Note: When you connect a device running Android 4.2.2 (API level 17) or higher, the system shows a dialog asking whether to accept an RSA key that allows debugging through this computer. This security mechanism protects user devices because it ensures that USB debugging and other adb commands cannot be executed unless you're able to unlock the device and acknowledge the dialog.

For more information about connecting to a device over USB, read Run apps on a hardware device.

Connect to a device over Wi-Fi

Note: The instructions below do not apply to Wear devices running Android 11 (API level 30). See the guide to debugging a Wear OS app for more information.

Android 11 (API level 30) and higher support deploying and debugging your app wirelessly from your workstation using Android Debug Bridge (adb). For example, you can deploy your debuggable app to multiple remote devices without ever needing to physically connect your device via USB. This eliminates the need to deal with common USB connection issues, such as driver installation.

Before you begin using wireless debugging, do the following:

• Ensure that your workstation and device are connected to the same wireless network.

• Ensure that your device is running Android 11 (API level 30) or higher for phone or Android 13 (API level 33) or higher for TV and WearOS. For more information, see Check & update your Android version.

• If using the IDE, ensure that you have the latest version of Android Studio installed. You can download it here.

• On your workstation, update to the latest version of the SDK Platform Tools.

To use wireless debugging, you must pair your device to your workstation using a QR code or a pairing code. Your workstation and device must be connected to the same wireless network. To connect to your device, follow these steps:

1. Enable developer options on your device.

2. Open Android Studio and select Pair Devices Using Wi-Fi from the run configurations menu.

   

   Figure 1. Run configurations menu.

   The Pair devices over Wi-Fi window pops up, as shown in figure 2.

   

   Figure 2. Popup window to pair devices using QR code or pairing code.

3. On your device, tap Wireless debugging and pair your device:

   

   Figure 3. Screenshot of the Wireless debugging setting on a Google Pixel phone.

   1. To pair your device with a QR code, select Pair device with QR code and scan the QR code obtained from the Pair devices over Wi-Fi popup shown in figure 2.

   2. To pair your device with a pairing code, select Pair device with pairing code from the Pair devices over Wi-Fi popup. On your device, select Pair using pairing code and take note of the six-digit code provided. Once your device appears on the Pair devices over Wi-Fi window, you can select Pair and enter the six-digit code shown on your device.

      

      Figure 4. Example of six-digit code entry.

4. After your device is paired, you can attempt to deploy your app to your device.

   To pair a different device or to forget the current device on your workstation, navigate to Wireless debugging on your device. Tap your workstation name under Paired devices and select Forget.

5. If you want to quickly turn on and off wireless debugging, you can utilize the Quick settings developer tiles for Wireless debugging, found in Developer Options > Quick settings developer tiles.

   

   Figure 5. The Quick settings developer tiles setting lets you quickly turn wireless debugging on and off.

Wi-Fi connection using command line

Alternatively, to connect to your device using command line without Android Studio, follow these steps:

1. Enable developer options on your device, as described earlier.

2. Enable Wireless debugging on your device, as described earlier.

3. On your workstation, open a terminal window and navigate to android_sdk/platform-tools.

4. Find your IP address, port number, and pairing code by selecting Pair device with pairing code. Take note of the IP address, port number, and pairing code displayed on the device.

5. On your workstation's terminal, run adb pair ipaddr:port. Use the IP address and port number from above.

6. When prompted, enter the pairing code, as shown below.

   

   Figure 6. A message indicates that your device has been successfully paired.

Resolve wireless connection issues

If you are having issues connecting to your device wirelessly, try the following troubleshooting steps to resolve the issue.

Check whether your workstation and device meet the prerequisites

Check that the workstation and device meet the prerequisites listed at the beginning of this section.

Check for other known issues

The following is a list of current known issues with wireless debugging (with adb or Android Studio) and how to resolve them:

• Wi-Fi is not connecting: Secure Wi-Fi networks, such as corporate Wi-Fi networks, may block p2p connections and not let you connect over Wi-Fi. Try connecting with a cable or another (non-corp) Wi-Fi network. Wireless connection using adb connect ip:port over tcp/ip (following an initial USB connection) is another option, in case resorting to a non-corp network is an option.

• adb over Wi-Fi sometimes turns off automatically: This can happen if the device either switches Wi-Fi networks or disconnects from the network. To resolve, re-connect to the network.

• Device not connecting after pairing successfully: adb relies on mDNS to discover and automatically connect to paired devices. If your network or device configuration does not support mDNS or has disabled it, then you need to manually connect to the device using adb connect ip:port.

Connect wirelessly with a device after an initial USB connection (only option available on Android 10 and lower)

Note: This workflow is applicable also to Android 11 (and higher), the caveat being that it also involves an *initial* connection over physical USB.

Note: The following instructions do not apply to Wear devices running Android 10 (API level 29) or lower. See the guide about debugging a Wear OS app for more information.

adb usually communicates with the device over USB, but you can also use adb over Wi-Fi. To connect a device running Android 10 (API level 29) or lower, follow these initial steps over USB:

1. Connect your Android device and adb host computer to a common Wi-Fi network.

Note: Beware that not all access points are suitable. You might need to use an access point whose firewall is configured properly to support adb.

2. Connect the device to the host computer with a USB cable.
3. Set the target device to listen for a TCP/IP connection on port 5555:

   adb tcpip 5555
   

4. Disconnect the USB cable from the target device.
5. Find the IP address of the Android device. For example, on a Nexus device, you can find the IP address at Settings > About tablet (or About phone) > Status > IP address.
6. Connect to the device by its IP address:

   adb connect device_ip_address:5555
   

7. Confirm that your host computer is connected to the target device:

   $ adb devices
   List of devices attached
   device_ip_address:5555 device
   

Your device is now connected to adb.

If the adb connection to your device is lost:

• Make sure that your host is still connected to the same Wi-Fi network as your Android device.
• Reconnect by executing the adb connect step again.
• If that doesn't work, reset your adb host:

  adb kill-server
  

  Then start over from the beginning.

Query for devices

Before issuing adb commands, it is helpful to know what device instances are connected to the adb server. Generate a list of attached devices using the devices command:

  adb devices -l
  

In response, adb prints this status information for each device:

• Serial number: adb creates a string to uniquely identify the device by its port number. Here's an example serial number: emulator-5554
• State: The connection state of the device can be one of the following:
  • offline: The device is not connected to adb or is not responding.
  • device: The device is connected to the adb server. Note that this state does not imply that the Android system is fully booted and operational, because the device connects to adb while the system is still booting. After boot-up, this is the normal operational state of a device.
  • no device: There is no device connected.
• Description: If you include the -l option, the devices command tells you what the device is. This information is helpful when you have multiple devices connected so that you can tell them apart.

The following example shows the devices command and its output. There are three devices running. The first two lines in the list are emulators, and the third line is a hardware device that is attached to the computer.

$ adb devices
List of devices attached
emulator-5556 device product:sdk_google_phone_x86_64 model:Android_SDK_built_for_x86_64 device:generic_x86_64
emulator-5554 device product:sdk_google_phone_x86 model:Android_SDK_built_for_x86 device:generic_x86
0a388e93      device usb:1-1 product:razor model:Nexus_7 device:flo

Emulator not listed

The adb devices command has a corner-case command sequence that causes running emulators to not show up in the adb devices output even though the emulators are visible on your desktop. This happens when all of the following conditions are true:

• The adb server is not running.
• You use the emulator command with the -port or -ports option with an odd-numbered port value between 5554 and 5584.
• The odd-numbered port you chose is not busy, so the port connection can be made at the specified port number — or, if it is busy, the emulator switches to another port that meets the requirements in 2.
• You start the adb server after you start the emulator.

One way to avoid this situation is to let the emulator choose its own ports and to run no more than 16 emulators at once. Another way is to always start the adb server before you use the emulator command, as explained in the following examples.

Example 1: In the following command sequence, the adb devices command starts the adb server, but the list of devices does not appear.

Stop the adb server and enter the following commands in the order shown. For the AVD name, provide a valid AVD name from your system. To get a list of AVD names, type emulator -list-avds. The emulator command is in the android_sdk/tools directory.

$ adb kill-server
$ emulator -avd Nexus_6_API_25 -port 5555
$ adb devices

List of devices attached
* daemon not running. starting it now on port 5037 *
* daemon started successfully *

Example 2: In the following command sequence, adb devices displays the list of devices because the adb server was started first.

To see the emulator in the adb devices output, stop the adb server, and then start it again after using the emulator command and before using the adb devices command, as follows:

$ adb kill-server
$ emulator -avd Nexus_6_API_25 -port 5557
$ adb start-server
$ adb devices

List of devices attached
emulator-5557 device

For more information about emulator command-line options, see Command-Line startup options.

Send commands to a specific device

If multiple devices are running, you must specify the target device when you issue the adb command. To specify the target, follow these steps:

1. Use the devices command to get the serial number of the target.
2. Once you have the serial number, use the -s option with the adb commands to specify the serial number.
   1. If you're going to issue a lot of adb commands, you can set the $ANDROID_SERIAL environment variable to contain the serial number instead.
   2. If you use both -s and $ANDROID_SERIAL, -s overrides $ANDROID_SERIAL.

In the following example, the list of attached devices is obtained, and then the serial number of one of the devices is used to install the helloWorld.apk on that device:

$ adb devices
List of devices attached
emulator-5554 device
emulator-5555 device
0.0.0.0:6520  device

# To install on emulator-5555
$ adb -s emulator-5555 install helloWorld.apk
# To install on 0.0.0.0:6520
$ adb -s 0.0.0.0:6520 install helloWorld.apk

Note: If you issue a command without specifying a target device when multiple devices are available, adb displays an error "adb: more than one device/emulator".

If you have multiple devices available but only one is an emulator, use the -e option to send commands to the emulator. If there are multiple devices but only one hardware device attached, use the -d option to send commands to the hardware device.

Install an app

You can use adb to install an APK on an emulator or connected device with the install command:

adb install path_to_apk

You must use the -t option with the install command when you install a test APK. For more information, see -t.

To install multiple APKs use install-multiple. This is useful if you download all the APKs for a specific device for your app from the Play Console and want to install them on an emulator or physical device.

For more information about how to create an APK file that you can install on an emulator/device instance, see Build and run your app.

Note: If you are using Android Studio, you do not need to use adb directly to install your app on the emulator or device. Instead, Android Studio handles the packaging and installation of the app for you.

Set up port forwarding

Use the forward command to set up arbitrary port forwarding, which forwards requests on a specific host port to a different port on a device. The following example sets up forwarding of host port 6100 to device port 7100:

adb forward tcp:6100 tcp:7100

The following example sets up forwarding of host port 6100 to local:logd:

adb forward tcp:6100 local:logd

This could be useful if you are trying to detemine what is being sent to a given port on the device. All received data will be written to the system-logging daemon and displayed in the device logs.

Copy files to and from a device

Use the pull and push commands to copy files to and from a device. Unlike the install command, which only copies an APK file to a specific location, the pull and push commands let you copy arbitrary directories and files to any location in a device.

To copy a file or directory and its sub-directories from the device, do the following:

adb pull remote local

To copy a file or directory and its sub-directories to the device, do the following:

adb push local remote

Replace local and remote with the paths to the target files/directory on your development machine (local) and on the device (remote). For example:

adb push myfile.txt /sdcard/myfile.txt

Stop the adb server

In some cases, you might need to terminate the adb server process and then restart it to resolve the problem. For example, this could be the case if adb does not respond to a command.

To stop the adb server, use the adb kill-server command. You can then restart the server by issuing any other adb command.

Issue adb commands

Issue adb commands from a command line on your development machine or from a script using the following:

adb [-d | -e | -s serial_number] command

If there's only one emulator running or only one device connected, the adb command is sent to that device by default. If multiple emulators are running and/or multiple devices are attached, you need to use the -d, -e, or -s option to specify the target device to which the command should be directed.

You can see a detailed list of all supported adb commands using the following command:

adb --help

Issue shell commands

You can use the shell command to issue device commands through adb or to start an interactive shell. To issue a single command, use the shell command like this:

adb [-d |-e | -s serial_number] shell shell_command

To start an interactive shell on a device, use the shell command like this:

adb [-d | -e | -s serial_number] shell

To exit an interactive shell, press Control+D or type exit.

Android provides most of the usual Unix command-line tools. For a list of available tools, use the following command:

adb shell ls /system/bin

Help is available for most of the commands via the --help argument. Many of the shell commands are provided by toybox. General help applicable to all toybox commands is available via toybox --help.

With Android Platform Tools 23 and higher, adb handles arguments the same way that the ssh(1) command does. This change has fixed a lot of problems with command injection and makes it possible to safely execute commands that contain shell metacharacters, such as adb install Let\'sGo.apk. This change means that the interpretation of any command that contains shell metacharacters has also changed.

For example, adb shell setprop key 'two words' is now an error, because the quotes are swallowed by the local shell, and the device sees adb shell setprop key two words. To make the command work, quote twice, once for the local shell and once for the remote shell, as you do with ssh(1). For example, adb shell setprop key "'two words'" works because the local shell takes the outer level of quoting and the device still sees the inner level of quoting: setprop key 'two words'. Escaping is also an option, but quoting twice is usually easier.

See also Logcat command-line tool, which is useful for monitoring the system log.

Call activity manager

Within an adb shell, you can issue commands with the activity manager (am) tool to perform various system actions, such as start an activity, force-stop a process, broadcast an intent, modify the device screen properties, and more.

While in a shell, the am syntax is:

am command

You can also issue an activity manager command directly from adb without entering a remote shell. For example:

adb shell am start -a android.intent.action.VIEW

Table 1. Available activity manager commands

Specification for intent arguments

For activity manager commands that take an intent argument, you can specify the intent with the following options:

Call package manager (pm)

Within an adb shell, you can issue commands with the package manager (pm) tool to perform actions and queries on app packages installed on the device.

While in a shell, the pm syntax is:

pm command

You can also issue a package manager command directly from adb without entering a remote shell. For example:

adb shell pm uninstall com.example.MyApp

Table 2. Available package manager commands

Call device policy manager (dpm)

To help you develop and test your device management apps, issue commands to the device policy manager (dpm) tool. Use the tool to control the active admin app or change a policy's status data on the device.

While in a shell, the dpmsyntax is:

dpm command

You can also issue a device policy manager command directly from adb without entering a remote shell:

adb shell dpm command

Table 3. Available device policy manager commands

Take a screenshot

The screencap command is a shell utility for taking a screenshot of a device display.

While in a shell, the screencap syntax is:

screencap filename

To use screencap from the command line, enter the following:

adb shell screencap /sdcard/screen.png

Here's an example screenshot session, using the adb shell to capture the screenshot and the pull command to download the file from the device:

$ adb shell
shell@ $ screencap /sdcard/screen.png
shell@ $ exit
$ adb pull /sdcard/screen.png

Record a video

The screenrecord command is a shell utility for recording the display of devices running Android 4.4 (API level 19) and higher. The utility records screen activity to an MPEG-4 file. You can use this file to create promotional or training videos or for debugging and testing.

In a shell, use the following syntax:

screenrecord [options] filename

To use screenrecord from the command line, enter the following:

adb shell screenrecord /sdcard/demo.mp4

Stop the screen recording by pressing Control+C. Otherwise, the recording stops automatically at three minutes or the time limit set by --time-limit.

To begin recording your device screen, run the screenrecord command to record the video. Then, run the pull command to download the video from the device to the host computer. Here's an example recording session:

$ adb shell
shell@ $ screenrecord --verbose /sdcard/demo.mp4
(press Control + C to stop)
shell@ $ exit
$ adb pull /sdcard/demo.mp4

The screenrecord utility can record at any supported resolution and bit rate you request, while retaining the aspect ratio of the device display. The utility records at the native display resolution and orientation by default, with a maximum length of three minutes.

Limitations of the screenrecord utility:

• Audio is not recorded with the video file.
• Video recording is not available for devices running Wear OS.
• Some devices might not be able to record at their native display resolution. If you encounter problems with screen recording, try using a lower screen resolution.
• Rotation of the screen during recording is not supported. If the screen does rotate during recording, some of the screen is cut off in the recording.

Table 4. screenrecord options

screenrecord --bit-rate 6000000 /sdcard/demo.mp4

Read ART profiles for apps

Starting in Android 7.0 (API level 24), the Android Runtime (ART) collects execution profiles for installed apps, which are used to optimize app performance. Examine the collected profiles to understand which methods are executed frequently and which classes are used during app startup.

Note: It is only possible to retrieve the execution profile filename if you have root access to the file system, for example, on an emulator.

To produce a text form of the profile information, use the following command:

adb shell cmd package dump-profiles package

To retrieve the file produced, use:

adb pull /data/misc/profman/package.prof.txt

Reset test devices

If you test your app across multiple test devices, it may be useful to reset your device between tests, for example, to remove user data and reset the test environment. You can perform a factory reset of a test device running Android 10 (API level 29) or higher using the testharness adb shell command, as shown:

adb shell cmd testharness enable

When restoring the device using testharness, the device automatically backs up the RSA key that allows debugging through the current workstation in a persistent location. That is, after the device is reset, the workstation can continue to debug and issue adb commands to the device without manually registering a new key.

Additionally, to help make it easier and more secure to keep testing your app, using the testharness to restore a device also changes the following device settings:

• The device sets up certain system settings so that initial device setup wizards do not appear. That is, the device enters a state from which you can quickly install, debug, and test your app.
• Settings:
  • Disables lock screen.
  • Disables emergency alerts.
  • Disables auto-sync for accounts.
  • Disables automatic system updates.
• Other:
  • Disables preinstalled security apps.

If your app needs to detect and adapt to the default settings of the testharness command, use the ActivityManager.isRunningInUserTestHarness().

sqlite

sqlite3 starts the sqlite command-line program for examining SQLite databases. It includes commands such as .dump to print the contents of a table and .schema to print the SQL CREATE statement for an existing table. You can also execute SQLite commands from the command line, as shown:

$ adb -s emulator-5554 shell
$ sqlite3 /data/data/com.example.app/databases/rssitems.db
SQLite version 3.3.12
Enter ".help" for instructions

Note: It is only possible to access a SQLite database if you have root access to the file system, for example, on an emulator.

For more information, see the sqlite3 command line documentation.

adb USB backends

The adb server can interact with the USB stack through two backends. It can either use the native backend of the OS (Windows, Linux, or macOS) or it can use the libusb backend. Some features, such as attach, detach, and USB speed detection, are only available when using libusb backend.

You can choose a backend by using the ADB_LIBUSB environment variable. If it isn't set, adb uses its default backend. The default behavior varies among OS. Starting with ADB v34, the liubusb backend is used by default on all OS except Windows, where the native backend is used by default. If ADB_LIBUSB is set, it determines whether the native backend or libusb is used. See the adb manual page for more information about adb environment variables.

adb mDNS backends

ADB can use the multicast DNS protocol to automatically connect the server and devices. The ADB server ships with two backends, Bonjour (Apple's mdnsResponder) and Openscreen.

The Bonjour backend needs a daemon to be running on the host machine. On macOS Apple's built-in daemon is always running, but on Windows and Linux, the user must make sure the mdnsd daemon is up and running. If the command adb mdns check returns an error, it is likely that ADB is using the Bonjour backend but there is no Bonjour daemon running.

The Openscreen backend does not need a daemon to be running on the machine. Support for the Openscreen backend on macOS starts at ADB v35. Windows and Linux are supported as of ADB v34.

By default ADB uses the Bonjour backend. This behavior can be changed using the environment variable ADB_MDNS_OPENSCREEN (set to 1 or 0). See the ADB manual page for further details.